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INTERVIEW OF DR. FREDERICK R. SIDELL
FORMER CHEF, CASUALTY CARE OFFICE
US ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL DEFENSE
JULY 15, 20,1998
Dr. Sidell explained that he is the former Chief of the Casualty Care Office, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, located at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. He is now a consultant. He has an MD degree from New York University, with a specialty in internal medicine. He has published articles and co-authored books on chemical warfare agents. His primary job has been to work on chemical agents and antidotes thereto for the last 30 years. He was on a special team that went to Tokyo after the release of Sarin gas in the subway there in 1995.
Sarin was developed in 1938 by a German named Schrader, who was developing insecticides. It is a clear, colorless liquid that evaporates at about the same rate as water and not as fast as gasoline. Sarin belongs to a class of nerve agents called organophosphates. These compounds and their symbols include Tabun (GA), Sarin (GB), Soman (GD), and VX. They are similar in chemical structure to insecticides. Sarin is more volatile than other nerve agents are-- it evaporates at a higher rate, particularly compared to Tabun and VX. For this reason, it is considered a nonpersistent agent.
Nerve agents like Sarin are extremely toxic to humans. They can be absorbed through the skin, but the effects are most immediate and pronounced when the substance is inhaled. Sarin works by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme released by the nervous system. In the human body, organs are controlled by the nervous system. The nervous system releases a chemical or neurotransmitter that stimulates the organs, glands and muscles. That neurotransmitter enzyme is acetylcholine. In order to avoid continuous stimulation, neurotransmitter acetylcholine is broken down by another enzyme, acetylcholinesterase. Nerve agents work by blocking the activity of acetylcholinesterase so that this chemical break down does not occur, acetylcholine builds up, and the muscle or gland keeps contracting or secreting. As a result, hyperactivity in the organs and muscles, including the muscles in the airways and in the gastrointestinal tract, occurs upon exposure to nerve agents.
If Sarin vapor comes into contact with a person's face, it causes miosis--constriction of the pupils in the eyes and redness. When the eyes are affected, nausea and vomiting occur as a reflex action. Salivation would occur in the mouth, and a runny nose or rhinorrhea would also result. Upon inhalation, the airways would constrict, and shortness of breath would ensue.
Human skin is a good protectant against Sarin and resists vapor. If you put on a gas mask and stood naked while exposed to Sarin vapor, you could withstand 5 to 10 times the amount of exposure that you could withstand if you inhaled it.
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The best protection against inhalation of Sarin is a gas mask. If the concern is exposure to the liquid on the skin, the best precaution is a rubber suit or "mop suit," and they are available commercially.
In terms of ability to cause human fatalities, 100 milligrams of Sarin per cubic meter would kill 50 percent of people who inhaled that concentration for one minute. If liquid was placed directly on the skin, 1.5-1.7 milliliters would be fatal. This amount equates roughly to one third of a teaspoonful. If vapor is inhaled, effects occur in seconds to minutes. If liquid exposure occurs, effects occur in minutes to hours. If exposed to high enough concentrations, unconsciousness may result in seconds, convulsions in minutes and death in as few as 10 minutes. Sarin may be employed an effective lethal weapon. In weapons, Sarin is in liquid form, and detonation tends to cause the vaporization and dispersion of the liquid.
The best antidote for Sarin consists of a combination of two substances--atropine and pralidoxime. The Swedes have developed an autoinjector that is very effective, although the US has a system that is superior. Each soldier is supposed to carry three sets of autoinjectors. The antidote essentially works by blocking the acetylcholine from reaching the organs.
The compounds CS and CN are classified as riot control agents. Although similar in effect, they are different compounds. It takes less CS to cause reactions in humans than it would take if exposed to CN.
The effects of Sarin exposure on humans are different than those of CS or CN. Riot control agents cause burning eyes, red eyes, tearing, and may cause the eyes to close. Nerve agents do not cause burning, although they may cause tearing. Sarin would cause miosis or contraction of the pupil, which would last for days or even weeks. Riot control agents cause the nose to burn and a runny nose (rhinorrhea). Sarin does not cause a burning sensation in the nose, although it would cause a runny nose. Riot control agents also cause a burning in the mouth area and salivation. Coughing may occur. Sarin exposure causes excessive salivation but not a burning sensation. Sarin exposure also causes secretions from the airways and extreme shortness of breath. If Sarin is inhaled directly, unconsciousness may result in seconds. Riot control agents do not cause loss of consciousness. Riot control agents cause a burning sensation on exposed skin; Sarin does not. If a sufficient concentration of Sarin is inhaled, the person becomes unconscious, then goes into convulsions and twitching, and then becomes flaccid. With riot control agent, convulsions are not generally experienced, although retching from inhalation of the tear gas is not uncommon.
Medically, there are no lingering effects commonly associated with exposure to nerve agents. In this country, at least one thousand people have been exposed to non-fatal doses of nerve agents, either deliberately or accidentally, and no long-term adverse effects have been noted. However, exposure to organophosphate insecticides has been known to cause nerve deficits within days or weeks of exposure, and those symptoms are known to continue over time.
If Sarin gas had been dropped on the forces of Operation Tailwind, the precise effect on the people on the ground would depend on a variety of factors, including the size of the weapon, whether the Sarin would be in liquid or vapor form, weather conditions (such as direction of the
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wind), and whether people had protection such as gas masks. If those on the ground were unprotected and inhaled Sarin in sufficient quantity, it is unlikely that all would survive.
To his knowledge, we had no nerve agents in theater at the time of Operation Tailwind, nor did we have it weaponized in ordnance small enough to be used on a small engagement like that operation--it was all in large bombs.
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Frederick R. Sidell, M.D.
14 Brooks Road
Bel Air, MD 21014
410-838-7253
Education
1960-1964- Internship and Residency (Internal Medicine), Cleveland Metropolitan General Hospital, Cleveland, OH
1960 - MD, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
1956 - BS (Chemistry), Marietta College, Marietta, Ohio
Civilian Positions
1995 October - Retired from US government; chemical casualty consultant
1993-September 1995 - Chief, Chemical Casualty Care Office, USAMRICD
Late 1970s - September 1995 - Director, Medical Management of Chemical Casualties Course
1985-1991 - Director, Chemical Accident Rescue Team (Team was dissolved)
1989-1993 - Chemical Casualty Care Office, USAMRICD, APG, MD
1988-1989 - Chemical Casualty Task Area Branch, USAMRICD, APG, MD
1985-1988 - Plans, Operations, and Training Branch, USAMRICD, APG, MD
1979-1985 - CW Casualty Management Office, USAMRICD, APG, MD
1976-1979 - Chief, Clinical Resources Branch, Experimental Medicine Division, Biomedical Laboratory, APG, MD
1975-1976 - Chief, Medical Volunteer Office, Biomedical Laboratory, APG, MD
1974-1975 - Acting Chief, Clinical Research Department, Medical Research Laboratory, APG, MD
1968-1974 - Chief, Clinical Investigation Branch, Medical Research Lab, Edgewood Area, APG, MD
1966-1968 - Acting Chief, Clinical Research Department, Medical Research Laboratory, APG,MD
Military Positions
1964-1966 Captain, MC, USAR
1964-1966 Chief, Clinical Investigation Section, Clinical Research Department, Medical Research Division, CRDC, Edgewood Arsenal, MD. CPT, MC, U.S. Army
Boards and Committees
1987 Member AR 15-6 Environmental Hazard Board, APG
1965-1979 Member, Human Use Committee, USABML/MRL (dates approximate)
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1970-1972 CRDL Equal Employment Opportunity Committee (first committee)
1979 Member, The Surgeon General's Investigative Team to Southeast Asia to investigate use of chemical agents against the H'Mong
1995 Member, U.S. medical team to Tokyo by Department of State by invitation of Japanese government after Tokyo subway nerve agent incident
Publications
1. Sidell, F.R., Harper, D.G. and Bottiglieri, N.G. Effects on Humans of Low Concentrations of GB Vapor, CRDL TM 2-15, April 1965, Classified report
2. Sidell, F.R., Groff, W.A. and Vocci, F. Effects of EA 3148 Administered Intravenously to Humans. TM 2-31, November 1965, Classified report
3. Bottiglieri, N.G., Sidell, F.R. and Sim, V.M. Human Effects from Atmospheric Contamination with Low concentrations of GB. TM 2-27, August 1965, Classified report
4. Sidell, F.R. and Groff, W.A. Oral Toxicity of VX to Humans. EATR 4009, May 1966
5. Fleisher, J.H., Clark, J.H. and Sidell, F.R. Dose-Response Effects and "Aging" of Human Red-Blood-Cell Cholinesterase After Poisoning with EA 3148 June 1966. Classified report
6. Sidell, F.R. Human Responses to Intravenous VX. EATR 4082, April 1967
7. Sidell, F.R., McShane, W.P. and Hayes, A.H. The failure of Methylphenidate to Influence the Therapy of VX Poisoned Rats. EATR 4125, August 1967.
8. Sidell, F.R. and Groff, W.A. Reactivation of VX-Induced Cholinesterase by 2-PAMCl in Humans. EATM 114-11, September 1967
9. Sidell, F.R. and Kysor, K.P. A Review of the Time Course of the Central Effects of Incapacitating compounds in Humans. EATM 114-19, October 1968,
10. Sidell, F.R., Mershon, M.M., Savola, R.H., Schwartz, H.N., Wiles, J.H. and McShane, W.P. Treatment of Percutaneous VX Intoxication in Rabbits under Conditions Simulating Self-Therapy in the Field. EATM 114-22, September 1968
11. Sidell, F.R. A Summary of the Evaluation of CAR 302,196 in Humans, EATR 4213, January 1969
12. Sidell, F.R., Groff, W.A. and Ellin, R.I. Blood Levels of Oxime, Excretion Rates, and Side Effects Produced by single Oral Doses of N-Methylpyridinium-2-Aldoxime Methanesulfonate (P2S) in Humans. EATR 4265, January 1969
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13. Sidell, F.R. and McShane, W.P. A Comparison of Separate Versus Mixed Solutions of Atropine and 2-PAMC1 in the Therapy of VX Poisoned Rats. EATM 114-23, April 1969
14. Craig, F.N., McMichael, P.D., Robinson, P.R. and Sidell, F.R. Effects of BZ on Temperature Regulation in Man. EATM 112-11, October 1969
15. Sidell, F.R., Karger, S., Simons, C.J. and Weimer, J.T. CAR 302,688: Aerosol Administration to Man. EATR 4395, May 1970.
16. Oberst, F.W., Ellin R.I., Farrand, R.I., Billups, N.B., Koon, W.S., Musselman, N.P., Crouse, C.L. and Sidell, F.R. Development of Methods for Detecting and Measuring Volatile Effluents. A Status Report. EATR 4415, August 1970
17. Sidell, F.R. Drug Absorption: Some Mathematical Considerations. EATR 4619, May 1972
18. Sidell, F.R. and Ketchum, J.S. Per Capital, Per Kilo, Per Liter, or Per Meter: An Analysis of Dose Expression in Clinical Pharmacology. EATR 4599, December 1971
19. Sidell, F.R. and Braun, B.G. EA 3834A: Effects in Man After a Single Oral Dose. EATR 4597, March 1972
20. Sidell, F.R., Ketchum, J.S., Markis, J.E. and Kysor, K.P. Compound 302,196: Intramuscular Administration to Man. EATR 4634, April 1972.
21. Sidell, F.R., Groff, W.A. and Kaminskis, A. Ethyl Alcohol: Is Elimination Rate Dose Dependent? EATR 4645, April 1972
22. Ketchum, J.S., Shiner, P., Kysor, K.P., Houff, C., Sidell, F.R., and Sim, V.M. Relationships Among Dose, Time, and Various Measures of Laboratory and Military Performance in Volunteers Receiving a Centrally Active Cholinergic Blocking Agent (EA3580). EATR 4678.
23. Sidell, F.R. The use of Physostigmine by the Intravenous, Intramuscular and Oral Routes in the Therapy of Anticholinergic Drug Intoxication: EB-TR-76012, May 1976
24. Josselson, J. and Sidell, F.R. Dose-Response Effects of Intravenous Thiamine Hydrochloride on Pralidoxime Pharmacokinetics in Man. EB-TR-76117, March 1977
25. Josselson, J. and Sidell, F.R. Thiamine Hydrochloride as an Adjunct to Pralidoxime in a Simulated Therapeutic Setting, EB-TR-76118, March 1977
26. Sidell, F.R., Groff, W.A. and Ellin, R.I. Blood Levels of Oxime and Symptoms in Humans After Single and Multiple Doses of 2-PAMCl. J. Pharm. Sci. 58:1093-1098 (1969).
27. Sidell, F.R., Magness, J.S. and Bollen, T.E. Modification of the Effects of Atropine on
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Human Heart Rate Modification by 2-PAMC1. J. Pharm. Sci.11:68-76, (1970).
28. Sidell, F.R. and Groff, W.A. Toxogonin: Blood Levels and Side Effects after Intramuscular Administration in Man. J. Pharm. Sci.59(6):793-797 (1970).
29. Sidell, F.R. and Pless, J.E. Ethyl Alcohol: Blood Levels and Performance Decrements After Oral Administration to man. Psychopharmacological9:246-261. (1971)
30. Sidell, F.R. and Groff, W.A. Intramuscular and Intravenous Administration of Small Doses of 2-Pyridinium Aldoxime to Man. J.Pharm.Sci.60:1224-1228(1971)
31. Sidell, F.R. and Groff, W.A. Toxogonin: Oral Administration to Man. J. Pharm. Sci. 60:860-863 (1971).
32. Sidell, F.R., Groff, W.A. and Kaminskis, A. Pralidoxime Methane Sulfonate: Plasma Levels and Pharmokinetics After Oral Administration of a New Preparation to Man. J. Pharm. Sci. 61:1136-1140 (1972).
33. Hayes, A.H., Jr., McShane, W.P. and Sidell, F.R. The Effects of Acetyl Strophanthidin on the Hearts of Normal Dogs. British Journal of Pharmacology 38, (3), P. 616-619, March 1970.
34. Klapper, J.A., McColloch, M.A. and Sidell, F.R. The Effects on Personality of Reactivity to 1,2-Dimethyl-heptyl Tetrahydrocannabinol. Arch Gen Psychiat 26: 483-485, (May 1972).
35. Sidell, F.R., Groff, W.A. and Kaminskis, A. Toxogonin and Pralidoxime: Kinetic Comparison After Intravenous Administration to Man. J. Pharm. Sci. 61:1765-1769 (1972).
36. Ketchum, J.S., Sidell, F.R., Crowell, E.B., Aghajanian, G.K., and Hayes, A.H. Atropine, Scopolamine, and Ditran: Comparative Pharmacology and Antagonists in Man. Psychopharmacologia 28:121-145 (1973)
37. Swartz, R.D. and Sidell, F.R. The Effects of Changes in Renal Blood Flow on the Renal Excretion of Pralidoxime Chloride. Abs: Fed Proc 312518 1972 also: Effects of Heat and Exercise on the Elimination of Pralidoxime in Man. Clin. Pharm Therap. 14:83-89 (1973).
38. Sidell, F.R., Aghajanian, G.K. and Groff, W.A. The Reversal of Anticholinergic Intoxication in Man with the Cholinesterase Inhibitor VX. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 144:725730 (1973)
39. Sidell, F.R., Pless, J.E., Neitlich, H., Sussman, P., Copelan, H.W. and Sim, V.M. Dimethylheptyl-delta-6a-10a-tetrahydrocannabinol: Effects After Parenteral Administration to Man. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 142:867-873 (1973).
40. Ellin, R.I., Groff, W.A., and Sidell, F.R. Penetration of Pyridinium Oximes Into Human Red Blood Cells, Biochem. Pharmacol. 23:2663-2670 (1974).
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41. Swartz, R.D., Sidell, F.R. and Cucinell, S.A. Effects of Physical Stress on the Disposition of Drugs Eliminated by the Liver in Man J. Pharm. Exp. Therap. 188:1-7 (1974).
42. Sidell, F.R. and Groff, W.A. The Reactivability of Cholinesterase Inhibited by VX and Sarin in Man. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 27:241-252 (1974).
43. Sidell, F.R. Sarin and Soman: Clinical Manifestations and Treatment of Accidental Poisoning. Clin. Toxicol. 7:1-17 (1974).
44. Ellin, R.I., Farrand, R.L., Oberst, F.N., Crouse, C.L., Billups, N.B., Koon, W.S., Musselman, N.P. and Sidell, F.R. An Apparatus for the Detection and Quantitation of Volatile Human Effluents. J. Chrom. 100:135-152 (1974).
45. Sidell, F.R., Culver, D.L. and Kaminskis, A. Serum Creatine Phosphokinase Activity After Intramuscular Injection. JAMA 229:1894-1897 (1974).
46. Sidell, F.R. Modification by Diluents of Effect of Intramuscular Atropine on Heart Rate in Man. Clin. Pharmac. Therap. 16:711-715 (1974).
47. Sidell, F.R., Markis, J.E., Groff, W., and Kaminskis, A. Enhancement of Drug Absorption After Administration by an Automatic Injector. J. Pharmacokin Biopharm. 2:197-210 (1974).
48. Sidell, F.R. and Kaminskis, A. Influence of Age, Sex, and Oral Contraceptives on Human Blood Cholinesterase Activity Clin. Chem. 21:1393-1395 (1975).
49. Sidell, F.R. and Kaminskis, A. Temporal Intrapersonal Variability of Cholinesterase Activity in Human Plasma and Erythrocytes. Clin. Chem. 21:1961-1963 (1974)
50. Sidell, F.R. Clinical Aspects of Intoxication by Cholinesterase Inhibitors. Chapter in Medical Protection Against Chemical Agents. Published by SIPRI, Stockholm, Sweden, (1976).
51. Josselson, J. and Sidell, F.R. Effect of Intravenous Thiamine on Pradidoxime Kinetics. Clin. Phar. and Ther. 24:95-100 (1978). (Also: EB-TR-76115, Dec. 1976)
52. Lewis, C.W., Sidell, F.R., Tigertt, W.D., Lane, C.D., and Kelly, B.L. Final Report of DASG Investigative Team: Use of Chemical Agents Against the H'Mong in Laos. DASG, Washington, D.C. 20310 (1979)
53. Sidell, F.R. Studies of Nerve Agent Poisoning in Man. Chapter in: The Use of Animal Models in Development of Pretreatment and Therapy for Nerve Agent Poisoning. A Review of the Literature. L.W. Harris, coordinator, pages 19-53. USAMRICD SP-23-83 Dec 1982. Classified Document
54. Sidell, F.R. Atropine. Chapter in: The Use of Animal Models in Development of
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Pretreatment and Therapy for Nerve Agent Poisoning. A Review of the Literature. L.W. Harris, coordinator, pages 55-71. USAMRICD - SP 23-83 Dec 1982. Classified Document
55. Sidell, F.R. Oximes. Chapter in: The Use of Animal Models in Development of Pretreatment and Therapy for Nerve Agent Poisoning. A Review of the Literature. L.W. Harris, coordinator, pages 73-96. USAMRICD - SP-23-83 Dec 1982. Classified Document
56. Sidell, Frederick R.: Medical Aspects of Nerve Agent Exposure, Medical Bulletin of the U.S. Army Medical Department. PB 8-88-8:3-8. 1988
57. Durm, M.A. and Sidell, F.R.: Progress in Medical Defense Against Nerve Agents. JAMA 262(5):649-652(1989).
58. Sidell, F.R. What to do in Case of an Unthinkable Chemical Warfare Attack or Accident. Postgrad. Med. 88:70-84 (1990)
59. Lukey, B.J., Parrish, J.H., Marlow, D.D., Clark, C.R. and Sidell, F.R. Pharmacokinetics of Physostigmine Intramuscularly Administered to Guinea Pigs. J. Pharm. Sc. 79:796-798 (1990)
60. D'Mello, G.D. and Sidell, F.R. A Model for Carbamate and Organophosphate-induced Emesis in Humans. Neurosci. and Biobehav. Rev. 15:179-184 (1991)
61. Author, unacknowledged. Nerve Agents. The Medical Letter, November (1990).
62. Gunderson, C. H., Lehmann, C. R., Sidell, F. R., Jabbari, B. Nerve Agents: A Review. Neurology. 42:946-950 (1992)
63. Borak, J., Sidell, F. R. Agents of Chemical Warfare: Sulfur Mustard. Ann. Emergency Med. 21:303-308 (1992)
64. Sidell, F. R. Civil Emergencies Involving Chemical Warfare Agents: Medical Considerations. In Chemical Warfare Agents. S. Somani, Ed. Pg. 341-356. Academic Press, Inc. San Diego, Calif 1992
65. Sidell, F. R., Hurst, C. G. Clinical Considerations in Mustard Poisoning. Pg. 52-66. In Chemical Warfare Agents. S. Somani, Ed. Academic Press, Inc. San Diego, Calif. 1992
66. Sidell,F.R. Clinical Considerations in Nerve Agent Intoxication. Pg. 156-194. In Chemical Warfare Agents. S. Somani, Ed. Academic Press, Inc. San Diego, Calif. 1992
67. Sidell, F. R., Borak, J. Chemical Warfare Agents: II. Nerve Agents. Ann. Emergency. Med. 21:865-871(1992)
68. Urbanetti, J. S., Sidell, F. R. Chemical Exposure. Pg. 48-53. In Principles and practice of
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medical intensive care. R. W. Carlson and M. A. Geheb, Ed. W. B. Saunders. Philadelphia, PA. 1993
69. Sidell, F. R. The Medical Management of Chemical Casualty Course in CONUS and Europe during Desert Shield. J. U.S. Army Med. Dept. PB8-92-3/4:10-12. (1992)
70. Sidell, F. R. Clinical Effects of Organophosphorus Cholinesterase Inhibitors. J. Appl. Toxicol.1994.14:111-113
71. Smith, K.J., Hurst, C.G., Moeller, R.B., Skelton, H.G., and Sidell, F.R. Sulfur mustard: Its continuing threat as a chemical warfare agent, the cutaneous lesions induced, progress in understanding its mechanism of action, its long-term health effects, and new developments for protection and therapy. J.Am.Acad.Dermatol. 1995. 32:765-776
72. Ruhl, C.M., Park, S. J., Danisa, O., Morgan, R. F., Papirmeister, B., Sidell, F. R., Edlich, R. F., Anthony, L. S., Himel, H.N. A serious skin sulfur mustard burn from an artillery shell. J. Emergency Med. 1994. 12:159-166.
73. Sidell, F.R., Smith, W. J., Petrali, J. P., Hurst, C. G. Sulfur Mustard: A Chemical Vesicant Model. Chapter 9 in Dermatotoxicity. Pg 119-130. Ed: Marzulli, F. N. and Maibach, H. I. Fifth Edition.Taylor and Francis. Washington, D.C. 1996.
74. Marrs, T. C., Maynard, R. L., and Sidell, F. R. Chemical Warfare Agents. John Wiley and Sons. Chichester, England. 1996.
75. Sidell,F.R. Chemical Terrorism. (Editorial). Annals of Emergency Medicine. August 1996.
76. Sidell, F. R., Franz, D. R. Overview: Defense against the effects of chemical and biological warfare agents. In: Sidell FR, Takafuji, ET, Franz DR, eds. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. In: Zajtchuk, R, Bellamy RF, eds. Textbook of Military Medicine. Washington, DC: US Department of the Army, Office of The Surgeon General, and Borden Institute; 1997:1-7.
77. Sidell, F. R. Nerve agents. In: Sidell FR, Takafuji, ET, Fr~n7 DR, eds. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. In: Zajtchuk, R, Bellamy RF, eds. Textbook of Military Medicine. Washington, DC: US Department of the Army, Office of The Surgeon General, and Borden Institute; 1997:129-179.
78. Sidell, F. R., Urbanetti, J.S., Smith, W.J., Hurst, C.G. Vesicants. In: Sidell FR, Takafuji, ET, Franz DR, eds. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. In: Zajtchuk, R, Bellamy RF, eds. Textbook of Military Medicine. Washington, DC: US Department of the Army, Office of The Surgeon General, and Borden Institute; 1997: 197-228.
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79. Sidell, F. R. Riot Control Agents. In: Sidell FR, Takafuji, ET, Franz DR, eds. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. In: Zajtchuk, R, Bellamy RF, eds. Textbook of Military Medicine. Washington, DC: US Department of the Army, Office of The Surgeon General and Borden Institute: 1997: 307-324.
80. Sidell, F. R. Triage of chemical casualties. In: Sidell FR, Takafuji, ET, Franz DR, eds. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. In: Zajtchuk, R, Bellamy RF, eds. Textbook of Military Medicine. Washington, DC: US Department of the Army, Office of The Surgeon General, and Borden Institute; 1997: 337-349.
81. Sidell, F. R. and Hurst, C. G. Long term health effects of nerve agents and mustard. In: Sidell FR, Takafuji, ET, Franz, DR, eds. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. In: Zajtchuk, R, Bellamy RF, eds. Textbook of Military Medicine. Washington, DC: US Department of the Army, Office of The Surgeon General, and Borden Institute; 1997: 229-246.
82. Ketchum, J.S. and Sidell, F. R. Incapacitating agents. In: Sidell FR, Takafuji, ET, Franz DR, eds. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. In: Zajtchuk, R, Bellamy RF, eds. Textbook of Military Medicine. Washington, DC: US Department of the Army, Office of The Surgeon General, and Borden Institute; 1997: 287-305.
83. Dunn, M.A., Hackley, B.E.,Jr., and Sidell, F. R. Pretreatment for nerve agent exposure. In: Sidell FR, Takafuji, ET, Franz, DR, eds. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. In: Zajtchuk, R, Bellamy RF, eds. Textbook of Military Medicine. Washington, DC: US Department of the Army, Office of The Surgeon General, and Borden Institute; 1997: 181-196.
84. Sidell, F.R., Bresell, R. R., Mosebar, R. H., McNeill, K.M., and Takafuji, E.T. Field management of chemical casualties. In: Sidell FR, Takafuji, ET, Franz DR, eds. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. In: Zajtchuk, R, Bellamy RF, eds. Textbook of Military Medicine. Washington, DC: US Department of the Army, Office of The Surgeon General, and Borden Institute; 1997: 325-336.
85. Sidell, F. R. Management of Chemical Warfare Agent Casualties. A Handbook for Emergency Medical Services. HB Publishing. Bel Air, MD. 1995
86. Sidell, F.R., Patrick, W. C., Dashiell, T. R. Jane's Chem-Bio Handbook. Jane's Information Group. Alexandria, VA. 1998
Presentations
Scientific presentations at ASPET meetings.
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Panelist and presenter: Symposium on Stress and Drug Disposition, FASEB Montreal, Canada; Symposium on Triage, Columbus, Ohio, 1985
Invited speaker at seminar at Amer. Lung Assoc./Amer. Thoracic Soc. meeting, May 1991
Presentations at international scientific meetings held in Hercenova, Yugoslavia; Stockholm, Sweden; and Cambridge, U.K.
Presentations to the Surgeon General, U.S. Army, and to U.S. Senate Subcommittee
Hundreds of presentations on management of chemical casualties, including many sessions open to community health care providers, e.g., Pine Bluff, Arkansas; Richmond, Kentucky
Invited speaker at opening plenary session of annual meeting, American Association Medical Toxicologists, Toronto, Canada, October 1991.
Speaker, DIA, Treaty Verification Courses
Other
Reviewer, Journal American Medical Association
Reviewer, Scientific American Medicine
Reviewer, Annals of Emergency Medicine
Professional Organizations
American Society of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
American College of Clinical Pharmacology
Awards
Several USAMRL/USAMRICD Achievement Awards
Consortium of Federal Laboratories Award for Information
Exchange
Meritorious Service Award, U. S. Army National Guard. 1990
Department of the Army Commander's Award for Civilian Service - November
1989
Department of the Army Achievement Medal--January 1990
USAMRICD Commander's Medal February 1993
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[P-1]
[Fax header:] JUL-01 10:57 P.01
SPECIAL FORCES ASSOCIATION
Post Office Box 41436
Fayetteville, North Carolina 28309-1436
|Telephone: 910-485-5433
Fax: 910-485-1041
E-mail: sfahq@aol.com
26 June 1998
STATEMENT
I, James Graves, discussed with CNN several operations I participated in while serving in Vietnam with Special Forces.
I did not participate in Operation "Tailwind" as an advanced Recon or in any other way during September 1970 in Laos. SIGNED WITNESS [James Graves] [James Dean]
[End Tab P]
[Q-1]
DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE
HEADQUARTERS SEVENTH AIR FORCE
APO SAN FRANCISCO 96307
8 OCT 1970
Colonel Larry M. Killpack Commander 8th Tactical Fighter Wing Dear Colonel Killpack Recently I attended a briefing given General Abrams, COMUSMACV, on "Tailwind", an operation conducted between 11 and 14 September by a force under MACV direction. In support of this action, elements under the operational control of this command flew 76 tactical sorties and, in addition, provided forward air control. Unfortunately, class- ification prohibits further description of the operation. The briefer had been a member of the element on the ground. He presented, in well documented terms, how his unit repeatedly engaged enemy forces, and how critical tactical air support was to the success of the action. In all, 173 enemy killed by tactical air were claimed, a figure which may be on the conservative side. Describing the air sup- port as "magnificent", the briefer further stated the mission could not have been accomplished without the coordinated, accurate air support his forces received. I am attaching a copy of some excerpts from his presentation. At the close of the briefing, General Abrams stated he "was convinced a valuable operation executed with great skill and a demonstra- tion of tremendous courage." The professionalism demonstrated by your crews in support of this important action was in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Air Force. I have been informed that a special "well done" and thank you" is due Major Edward B. Flora and the crew of MOODY 2.
[Q-2]
I commend you and all the men of the 8th TFW who contributed to the
achievements of "Tailwind".
Sincerely,
[Signature]
L. D. CLAY, JR., General, USAF 1 Atch
Commander Excerpts from
Briefing
[Q-3]
EXCERPTS FROM BRIEFING
"The friendly lives saved cannot be reckoned, however, the inference
is clear. Of the 136 men participating, three were killed, 50 wounded.
Only five of the wounded required hospitalization. "
"The 1st Platoon reported only 1 enemy confirmed killed, but estimated
that 35 enemy were killed by Spectre aircraft which provided support
throughout the night. Third section reported 30 enemy killed by air,
in their segment of the perimeter, and the 2nd section reported 2 enemy
killed by air, and no enemy killed by ground actions. The Spectre
aircraft was unable to read the signals from the companies trans-
ponders or mini-ponders. The pilot stated his equipment was old,
and he adjusted his A/C fire continuously from the flashes of B-40
rockets, exploding hand grenades, and trip flares that the company
reported to him. Throughout the night of D+1, 1st and 3rd platoon
members could hear the enemy cry out, groan, moan, and other
sounds of pain. They could hear many objects being dragged away
within 5 meters of their positions. After the A/C would fire, they
could hear the enemy run and bang into trees as they fled in panic;
they could hear some cry out as they died. Shortly thereafter, they
could hear the sound of heavy objects again being dragged away from
their positions, then more enemy signals and incoming grenades.
The company estimated the aircraft as having killed a minimum of
67 enemy throughout the night."
"The TAC Air was successful on the 1st enemy squad and killed
approximately half of the other squad."
"TAC Air was directed throughout the areas where earlier contact
had occurred. The.enemy did not make contact with the element again
until the following day."
"Due to the canopy thinning out, the base camp was marked with a
white phosphorous grenade and TAC Air was brought to bear on the
enemy soldiers fleeing to the front and the right flank. The enemy
who had remained in the center of the base camp took up positions in
huts which were assaulted and destroyed. The first section killed a
confirmed 54 enemy in huts, bunkers and spider holes. Two of these
were NVA Sr. Master Sergeants. The 2nd section killed 17 enemy on
the left flank. TAC Air killed an estimated 25 fleeing enemy soldiers.
"We cannot say enough good things about the air support we received.
They were magnificent. Without their 76 sorties our job would not
have been possible."
Although not set forth in the formal presentation, comments from men
on the ground attest to accurate and effective delivery of CBU-[maybe 15; illegible]
"everytime it was brought in."
[End Tab Q]
[T-1]
INTERVIEWEES
During DoD's investigation of CNN/Time's allegations about Operation Tailwind, the following people were interviewed.
Civilian Personnel
The Honorable Melvin Laird, former Secretary of DefenseDr. Frederick R. Sidell, former Chief, Casualty Care Office, USA
Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense
Joint Chiefs Of Staff
ADM Thomas H. Moorer, USN (Ret.), former Chairman, JCSGEN John W. Vogt, USAF (Ret.), former Director, Joint Staff
United States Air Force
Munitions Maintenance Personnel of the 56th Special Operations WingCMSgt Donald P. Guy, USAF (Ret )Col Donald L. Knight, USAF (Ret.)
SMSgt James L. McCoy, USAF (Ret.)
Lt Col Paul C. Spencer, USAF (Ret.)
Lt Col Wilfred N. Turcotte, USAF (Ret )
A-1 Skyraider Pilots of the 56th Special Operations Wing
Maj Arthur N. Bishop, USAF (Ret.)Col Donald H. Feld, USAF (Ret.)
2d Lt Thomas K. Stump
Army Special Forces Rider with USAF Covey Forward Air Controllers
MSgt Lloyd O'Daniels, USA (Ret )Covey Forward Air Controllers of the 20th Tactical Air Support Squadron
Col George E. Boehmer, USAF (Ret.)Maj Gary E Green, USAF (Ret.)
Lt Col Warner McGraw, USAF (Ret )
[T-2]
United States Army
Studies and Observations GroupMSG Morris N. AdairSGT Michael E. Hagen
LTC Ernest Hayes, USA (Ret )
LTC Jack Isler, USA (Ret.)
LTC Eugene McCarley, USA (Ret )
SFC Denver G. Minton
COL Robert Pinkerton, USA (Ret )
CPT Michael Rose, USA (Ret )
COL John Sadler, USA (Ret )
SGT Craig Schmidt
MG John Singlaub, USA (Ret )
LTC Lawrence Trapp, USA (Ret )
1LT Robert Van Buskirk
170th Assault Helicopter Company
WO 1 William D Watson
United States Navy
HML-3671st Lt Joseph P. DriscollHMH-463
LtCol Arthur J. Picone, Jr., USMC (Ret.)
[End Tab T]
[End Report]
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